what did california look like in the 1800s

Answer: A. It was admitted as the 31st state of the union on September 9, 1850, and by the early 1960s it was the most populous U.S. state. Colorado Springs History & Heritage Fifth Avenue and 42nd Street, 1910 From sea otter and beaver pelts to cattle hides, the early American traders "made a profit of 200 to 300 percent . The San Andreas Fault System, which crosses California from the Salton Sea in the south to Cape Mendocino in the north, is the boundary between the Pacific Plate (that includes the Pacific Ocean) and North American Beginning in 1915 with the construction of Highway 101 through the city, Salinas soon had fully paved streets. Through 1945, toothpaste contained soap. Understanding California's Bay Delta in 63 Photos | KCET What Did San Francisco Look Like in the Mid-1800s? Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Transportation in the early 1800s was primarily by horse and sail, but the development and refinement of the steam engine spurred the development of rail and river transportation. 310 Old saddles and gear of 1800s ideas | saddles, horse gear, native american horses old saddles and gear of 1800s 317 Pins 4y B Collection by NOTORIOUS MOUNTAINEER Similar ideas popular now Horse Tack Western Saddle Native American Beading Horse Armor Horse Bridle Horse Gear Breyer Horses Horse Saddles Horse Halters Embroidered Horse Follow Us: Americans moved to the West in the 1800s because people wanted to own their own land and get a fresh start. 6). 1804. In November of 1806, he attempted to climb the mountain that is named for him. Figure 3 illustrates this construction method. Boys passed through roughly three stages of dress, beginning with the frocks of toddlerhood, discussed above. Importantly, while great effort was required to maintain Brummells style, it was meant to appear as if it had not. The 1753 Jacob Keim farmstead in Oley, Pennsylvania, is typical of this vernacular colonial style. Christmas in 19th Century America. Source: Wikimedia. TREND: Hyundai, Kia car thefts on the rise | HOUSING PLAN: 9,000 new homes by 2031 | OPENING: Starter Bakery | CAL FALCONS: Annie's new mate has a name. There is a painting of grizzly bears resting under a large oak tree and one of them eating the carcass of a whale that has washed up on shore. Californians witnessed tremendous change to their state during the decade of the Great Depression. These East coast homes featured linear designs. The men usually went naked, although some did wear a breechcloth of bark or skin wrapped around the waist. Before the Victorian era, children as young as 6 or 8 years old might work in a mill or factory, they might run errands and make deliveries for a store keeper, they may be apprenticed to a skilled . Large portions of the chest and back were bared even in day dresses, sleeves were short, and draping muslin revealed the shape of the leg (Fig. By the dawn of the 19th century, tuberculosisor consumptionhad killed one in seven of all people that had ever lived. Fashion historian Philippe Sguy wrote that early 1800s dress would have been at home in the days of Hadrian (le Bourhis 73). 5). California's Known Wolves. The Rocker, 621. 4), but afternoon or best dresses were in fine white muslin. Made from local limestone, the original house also had a red clay tiled roof that was typical of the biberschwanz or "beaver tail" flat tile roofs of Bavaria in southern Germany. This consisted of a bodice front attached to the skirt which was partially cut in a flap; once the wearer pulled on the sleeves and fastened the inner bodice lining, the skirt flap was pulled up where it was fastened with ties around the waist and the bodice front was pinned into place (Johnston 166; C.W. In 1804, Napoleon declared the Empire, becoming Emperor, and he revived the luxury and pomp of the ancien rgime, instituting lavish court dress once again. They constructed the types of homes they remembered, but they also innovated and, at times, learned new building techniques from Native Americans. Picnic at Lagunitas. Madame Rcamier, ne Julie (known as Juliette) Bernard, 1800. Harper holds a Masters degree in Fashion and History Studies: History, Theory and Museum Practice from the Fashion Institute of Technology. History >> Westward Expansion. As the 13 original colonies prospered, more affluent families built refined homes that imitated the Georgian architecture of Great Britain. The Dust Bowl and the American Farmer Flashcards | Quizlet, Understanding California's Bay Delta in 63 Photos | KCET. Above a threshold elevation of 207 to 210 feet, it overflowed into the San Joaquin River. Father of the Forest--near view. Abraham Lincoln, near view, 281 feet high, 44 feet circumference, Calaveras, Big Tree Grove, John Fischer Family, Group Portrait. Court costume, ca. Enough water remained so the Alameda Naval Air Station used Tulare Lake as an outlying seaplane base during World War II and the early years of the Cold War. For a simple Victorian look, keep a straight middle part and use a curling iron to create ringlets. Terms of Use Costume Institute Fashion Plate collection, http://digital.ub.uni-duesseldorf.de/ihd/periodical/titleinfo/1911099, http://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/receive/jportal_jpjournal_00000029?XSL.referer=jportal_jpvolume_00055071&XSL.vol.start=10, http://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/receive/jportal_jpjournal_00000029?XSL.referer=jportal_jpvolume_00055071&XSL.vol.start=20, https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/010518913, https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100964504, https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009712310, https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008016903, https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/101919645, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1795%E2%80%931820_in_Western_fashion&oldid=815717738, http://madparis.fr/francais/musees/musee-des-arts-decoratifs/collections/dossiers-thematiques/chronologie-de-la-mode-1715-1914/, https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/chronology/#?time=10, https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/empr/hd_empr.htm, https://vintagefashionguild.org/fashion-timeline/1800-to-1810/, http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/i/introduction-to-19th-century-fashion/, https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/19sil/hd_19sil.htm, http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T2081334, http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/kleinerta/kleinertab5/, http://archive.org/details/taylorsinstructo00quee, https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1800-1809-accessories/, https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1800-1809-fashion-plates/, https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1800-1809-mens-fashion/, https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1800-1809-portraits-of-women/, https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1800-1809-womens-fashion/, https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1800-1809-underwear/, https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1800-1899-fabrics-textiles/, https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1800-1899-jewelry/, https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/patterns-tutorials-1800-1900/, https://www.pinterest.com/maellen/historic-costume-19th-century/, 1884 John Singer Sargent, Madame X (Virginie Gautreau), 1867 White piqu afternoon dress with black cording, Downtown, Uptown: From the Dry Goods Store to the Palace of Consumption, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. It survived the great fire of 1881 undamaged. In Laguna Beach in the 1880s, some women pose for a picture. When silversmith Paul Revere bought a fixer-upper in 1770, the Boston, Massachusetts, house was already 100 years old. In 1938 and 1955, the lake flooded, which prompted the construction of the Terminus and Success Dams on the Kaweah and Tule Rivers in Tulare County and Pine Flat Dam on the Kings River in Fresno County. At its front end was a jockey box to hold tools. Elevated as a style icon, he presaged the contemporary dominance of fashion and celebrity. (Cicolini). The history of California can be divided into: the Native American period (about 10,000 years ago until 1542), the European exploration period (1542-1769), the Spanish colonial period (1769-1821), the Mexican period (1821-1848), and United States statehood (September 9, 1850-present). Wood and rock were typical physical characteristics of New England. Visit the OldNYC site here, or look below for some of the best photos we saw from the late 1800s and early 1900s, marked with their locations in the city. Dairy farms dominated the Orange County's northern reaches, while in the south cattle grazed on the rolling hills of vast estates like the Irvine Ranch and Rancho Mission Viejo. BED = was a rectangular wooden box, usually 4 feet wide by 10 feet long. Families brought their own cultures, traditions, and architectural styles. 2021 Yankee Publishing, Inc., An Employee-Owned Company 1121 Main Street | P.O. 1805 The Battle of Trafalgar delivers a decisive victory to Great Britain in the Napoleonic Wars, and established British naval superiority for decades. Or a newly digitized periodical/book to announce? Shoes ran $2.50 a pair. On January 24 his carpenter, James W. Marshall, found flakes of gold in a streambed. Federalist homes appeared primarily on the Eastern coast of the United States during the early 1800s. The Sartorial Self: Neoclassical Fashion and Gender Identity in France, 17971804., De Young, Justine. The original captions on some of the historical photographs may include racial terms that were commonplace at the time, but considered to be derogatory today. Silk. Oil on canvas; 236 x 149.30 cm. The Yokuts had once numbered about 70,000. 1949: California State University Long Beach was founded. Cunnington 31-32). The eighteenth-century bicorne, a hat with a turned-up brim creating two points, was still seen (Fig. Fifth Avenue and 42nd Street, 1910 On January 8, 1848, James W. Marshall, overseeing the construction of a sawmill at Sutter's Mill in the territory of California, literally struck gold. Finally, frustrated with trying to communicate his desires to the state bureaucrats, he gave up and named the city after his family. Since Oregon wolf OR-7 entered California in late 2011, several radio collared wolves have dispersed into the state, an unknown number of uncollared wolves, and three breeding packs have formed. In the late 1800s, Second Empire architecture inspired homes in the American Midwest and northeast. 5), were borrowed from the German Hessian soldiers, and a different, more practical style was named for British military hero, the Duke of Wellington (Davidson 232). There are around seven railroads coming into the city. Dec 1861 to summer 1862 the whole valley flooded. Unlike some of the ostentatious dandies of later eras, Brummells emphasis was on restraint and simple elegance. In the photo of San Franciscos Kearny Street in the 1860s, pedestrians and trolleys shared the cobblestone street. A Cape Cod house is a type of New England Colonial. Gift of Miss Eleanora Curtis. Jules Amde Barbey dAurevilly wrote Du Dandysme et de Georges Brummell in 1845, which raised dandyism to the level of a philosophical and intellectual pursuit, a trend that continued throughout the nineteenth century. Centuries later, builders embraced the practical, economical Cape Cod shape for budget housing in suburbs across the United States. By far, the most important accessory of the neoclassical period was the shawl, specifically Indian kashmiris/cashmere (Figs. After 1923, Inglewood became the Chinchilla Capital of the world when M.F. Beginning in the previous decade, men abandoned the practice of powdering their hair and cropped it short, creating a natural, tousled appearance (Fig. Portrait of a Man, 1809. Source: Museum of Fine Arts, Fig. The US Coast Survey drew the chart, perhaps as one of their earliest projects. Neckwear was his chief vanity; his exactitude about the quality of his cravat became the stuff of fashion legend. European weavers quickly began to create cheaper imitations, most notably in Paisley, Scotland, and that citys name would become synonymous with the pine or buta/boteh motif (Laver 155; Johnston 40; le Bourhis 77, 81). Before the discovery of gold, the territorys population was approximately 160,000, the vast majority of whom were Native Americans. The houses are as humble, unadorned, and practical as their occupants. 3, 8) (Byrde 27). Life in the 1800s. The fashion landscape had changed radically and rapidly; the way that women dressed in 1800 stood in stark contrast to the dress of a generation earlier. The Route. Everyone in your family tree was young once, but childhood today is very different from what it was a century or more ago. Frills decorated the front of the shirt; after 1806, some shirts for daywear instead featured pleated fronts (Tortora 319; Byrde 94). California's wheat experience exemplifes the importance of biological innovation. Designed for the hot, swampy region, traditional French Colonial homes are raised on piers. New York: The Brooklyn Museum, 1989.28. Tulare Lake was nearly dry by the early 20th century. Source: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Fig. However the wooden rails soon wore out, and another bright spark had the idea to nail strips of iron on top of the wooden rail-roads. By August 1848, 4,000 gold miners were in the area, and within a year about 80,000 forty-niners (as the fortune seekers of 1849 were called) had arrived at the California goldfields. Spanish colonization of "Alta California" began when the Presidio at San Diego, the first permanent European settlement on the Pacific Coast, was established in 1769. This 1859 map of San Francisco was extremely utilitarian. Craven, Jackie. and hunter/gatherer, but wouldn't have had large cities. A source close to the Venice Film Festival told Variety at at the time that there was no tension around Styles and Pine during the premiere and that a potential spitting incident was flagged by no . Placer Mining in Columbia, Tuolumne County. At the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth, much more functional bags began to replace the reticule. 13 - Artist unknown (British). California and the American Southwest are also home to Pueblo Revival homes that combine Hispanic styling with Native American ideas. Source: The Victoria & Albert Museum, Fig. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, b17509853. No, California is not going to fall into the ocean. . what did california look like in the 1800snatural hair salon hyde park, chicago. In 1848 John Sutter was having a water-powered sawmill built along the American River in Coloma, California, approximately 50 miles (80 km) east of present-day Sacramento. Many activities during this time had to do with using natural resources to build new communities for the influx of new residents. Source: The Victoria & Albert Museum, Fig. Sturdier printed cottons and patterned silks were common for daywear, and warmer wools were acceptable in the winter months (Figs. Cunnington 26). From 1920 to 1925, Inglewood was the fastest growing city in the United States. They contained grand front entrances and emphasized symmetry. The instep strap on pantaloons is attributed to Brummell as a mechanism to maintain a taut line (Byrde 94). Zebulon Montgomery Pike was sent to what is now Colorado. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. During the 1800s, the skeleton suit was made in strong cotton or linen, and the jacket and trousers could be of contrasting colors (Buck 111; Rose 51). 9 - Designer unknown (French). Brummell, George (Beau)*.in. Gerald C. Streatfeild 1977. By the 16th century, when the first Europeans sailed along the California coast (always missing the Golden Gate due to fog), the area was inhabited by the Ohlone-speaking Yelamu tribe. Tennis Court at Laguna Beach in the early 1880s. Like Altar, Rayn was a center of attraction in terms of employment, and I have seen Pimas, Ppagos and Yaquis equally represented in the City during certain periods. 5) (C.W. Los Angeles Almanac Photo. Three industries, in particular, thrived in the 1930s and attracted thousands of new settlers: agriculture, oil production . Our childhood home was built in 1812 in a small, rural town and came with so many interesting stories and peculiarities that it often felt as if it was its own character. The uniforms of the Napoleonic Wars were some of the most lavish and elaborate in history, showing an unparalleled deployment of rich costumes, a veritable explosion of panache (le Bourhis 179). Miners favored places like California's Santa Barbara, especially after gold was found in the area by the end of the 1840s. Oil on canvas; 127 x 101.8 cm. Dress, 1805. Many activities during this time had to do with using natural resources to build new communities for the influx of new residents. Oil on canvas; 244 x 179 cm. Source: State Hermitage Museum. The first. Flying boats could land on Tulare Lake when landing conditions were unsafe on San Francisco Bay.[11]. To discover primary/period sources, explore the categories below. A 1718 map called The Course of the Mississippi, or the St. Louis, the famous river of North America shows how one cartographer imagined the Great Lakes and the . Source: The Tate, Fig. French colonial homes are an eclectic mix, combining European ideas with practices learned from Africa, the Caribbean, and the West Indies. California - California - History: When Spanish navigator Juan Rodrguez Cabrillo became the first European to sight the region that is present-day California in 1542, there were about 130,000 Native Americans inhabiting the area. The Pilgrims weren't the only people to settle in Colonial America. Very small children, up to age two or three, could be seen without any leg coverings under these frocks (Fig. Andy at sluice box, Auburn Ravine, Calif., in the early 1850s, 986. We recently asked David Rumsey, a map expert who has been collecting maps since the 1980s, to describe the nature of the map to us. Not Just a Pretty Picture: Fashion as News. In. Map of the United States 500-1300 AD Oxnard's founder, Henry T. Oxnard, intended to name the city after a Greek word for "sugar.". The Visual Culture of Fashion and the Classical Ideal in Post-Revolutionary France., Siegfried, Susan. Photograph Roads, Canals, and Rails in the 1800s Waterways and a growing network of railroads linked the frontier with the eastern cities. 3). 4 - Artist unknown (British). A look at a sailing chart of San Francisco and its bay, made in 1859 by the fledgling US Coast Survey. Map Description. 2 - Artist unknown (British). The Mississippi was the backbone of the country, and people traveled up and down it constantly. THE EARLY YEARS. 1800. Silk, linen, metal. 6 - Artist unknown (British). By about 1855, more than 300,000 people had arrived. 3 - Designer unknown (British). "Guide to Colonial American House Styles From 1600 to 1800." Then, from age ten through their early teenage years, boys wore short, round jackets and waistcoats with closer-fitting trousers or pantaloons. Tortora, Phyllis G., and Sara B. Marcketti. In addition to poring through books and handling fossils at libraries at UC Berkeley and around the state, she hung out on ridge tops to catch a glimpse of a California condor. 2). Whitework, colored and gilt threads, and chenille were all employed to decorate gowns with a variety of embroidered designs (Figs. 1). (Interactive map courtesy of ESRI; Text by Natasha Geiling.). Megadroughts have parched the West, including present-day California, long before Europeans settled the region in the 1800s. Surely, of all the ways to travel in the 1800s, the steamboat must have been the most pleasant. Fig. Los Angeles: Los Angeles Public Library, rbc0238. Vegetables were kept in a root cellar or pickled. Mr. Tustin attempted to create Tustin City, but sales of homesites were slow, and in the early 1870s he ended up giving free lots to anyone who would build a home. Portrait of Madame Tallien, 1806. 1804 Napoleon becomes Emperor. The Pilgrims weren't the only people to settle in Colonial America. This style of house became known as the Stone Ender, as only one end of the house was constructed of stonea stone extension of a massive chimney. Fashionable women consciously sought to reproduce the supposed fashions of Ancient Greece or Rome. 1967: The city of Long Beach purchased Cunard's former luxury cruise liner, the Queen Mary, to be docked in Long Beach Harbor as a major tourism attraction and hotel. Thats one thing thats really exciting about this map. Silk. Fashion Timeline: 1800 To 1810, n.d. Victoria and Albert Museum. Infants were dressed in long, back-fastening dresses featuring a low neckline and short sleeves, and a simple baby cap (Fig. Washoe Indians--The Chief's Family. The Great Lakes and Mississippi. Sections. Fashion legends abound that tell of women leaving off their stays entirely, and appearing with very little underwear at all; while it seems that some women really did abandon their stays, the practice was not widespread or mainstream. Oil on canvas; 180.5 x 126 cm. London: The Victoria & Albert Museum, T.24-1946. Textiles of the 1800s were often enriched with embroidery, one of the few elements permitted to disrupt the classical line. Terms of Use There's a medieval flavor to the enormous stone chimneys and diamond-pane windows found on many of these homes. 3 - Samuel Woodforde (English, 1763-1817). Source: Wikipedia, Fig. The prevailing fashion for pantaloons tucked into boots was, at least in part, inspired by the military; the ultra-fashionable hessian boots, defined by their cleft tops trimmed with tassels (Fig. Stipple and engraving; (9 1/4 x 5 3/4 in). When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. After 1945, toothpaste manufacturers replaced soap with other ingredients to make toothpaste a smoother paste with ingredients found in present-day toothpaste. Fig. California. Updates? Cookie Settings, Kids Start Forgetting Early Childhood Around Age 7, Archaeologists Discover Wooden Spikes Described by Julius Caesar, Artificial Sweetener Tied to Risk of Heart Attack and Stroke, Study Finds, Rare Jurassic-Era Insect Discovered at Arkansas Walmart. Birmingham, U.K.: Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery, 1938P680. Deck View of Monitor Camanche on the Stocks, San Francisco, Mr. and Mrs. John Bubb China Wedding, ca. The Kaweah, Kern, Kings, and Tule Rivers were dammed upstream in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, which turned their headwaters into a system of reservoirs. This eight-block area has over 100 shops, restaurants, and many museums. If you have suggestions or corrections, pleasecontact us. Your Privacy Rights In cooler weather, both sexes wore robes, usually made of rabbit skin, and they mainly went barefoot, although sandals sometimes were worn. Many "Yankees" traveled thousands of miles to get in on the lucrative fur trade in the West. 2). The three main parts of a prairie wagon were the bed, the undercarriage, and the cover. Oxford: Bloomsbury Academic, 2010. It was the idea of Spanish Governor Felipe de Neve who wanted a pueblo, a town, to provide food for southern California. The massive influx gave rise to numerous cities and towns, with San Francisco gaining particular prominence. Then, at about age three or four, a boy was breeched, a rite of passage in which he received his first trousers. The spencer was also worn. By 1800, the high-waisted silhouette was the prevailing fashion across the Western world (le Bourhis 72). Oxnard's founder, Henry T. Oxnard, intended to name the city after a Greek word for "sugar.". These homes, like the preceding Georgian style of the 1700s, emphasized symmetry. 1833 Blue Silk Coat. harrison butker religion Because the soil lacks rock, during an earthquake, something called liquefaction occurs, causing the soil to become completely liquefied. The California Gold Rush peaked in 1852, and by the end of the decade, it was over. 9). A separate spheres ideology began to take hold during the 1800s, with men increasingly involved in serious business pursuits outside the home as the Industrial Revolution continued and women relegated to dependent caretakers inside the home. Late Desert Culture, Northwest Coast, Late Cultures, Central California, Late Canalino, Plains Bison Hunters, Panhandle Plains, Middle Missouri, Fremont. Everything from the hairstyles to the draping shawls evoked antiquity; the preeminence of white as a dress color was due, in part, to the incorrect assumption drawn from classical statuary that classical women only wore white. Cape Cod-style houses may not all be from the colonial era, but the iconic design is part of the historic fabric of America. 4) (Byrde 25-27; C.W. A growing Anglomania was shifting menswear even before the Revolution. The French Revolution brought fashions that had been emerging since the 1780s to the forefront. To facilitate their booming population, the city used Lake Michigan to its advantage in many ways, from filling in shoreline to create more land to the Lake Tunnel and Tunnel crib, shown in the upper-right part of the map, which were used to channel fresh water from the lake back to the city. You might think you'd been transported to the African plains, a grassy landscape teeming with mammoths, mastadons, saber-toothed cats, camels, llamas, and lions. He recruited 46 people from the state of Sonora in northern Mexico to settle there. The dark, figured velvet continues a fashion in evening dress that began in the 1790s.". Why did the Spanish choose to settle in New Mexico and California during that late 1700s? Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress. After that age, boys wore trousers under their frocks; girls did as well but since their hemlines descended to ankle-length, it was harder to discern their trousers, or drawers as they would later be called (P. Cunnington 161; Buck 109). They were regulars in places such as Kansas's Dodge City. When Germans traveled to North America, they settled in New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Maryland. For older California families like mine there was an expression, "out in t. As the country grew, these early settlers developed not one, but many, uniquely American styles. A matching silk suit, differentiated from pre-Revolutionary suits only by minor evolutions in cut and the scale of the embroidered motifs, was required at the Tuileries Palace (Fig. In the evening, there was a fashion for short overdresses or tunics which borrowed from the ancient Greek chlamys (Fig. This was not an innovation; it was simply the English country dress that was on the ascendancy throughout western menswear. Few original Spanish homes from thecolonial era remain, but wonderful examples have been preserved or restored in St. Augustine, Florida, site of the first permanent European settlement in America. Similar to womenswear, toddler dresses usually featured low, square necklines, puffed sleeves, and a very high waistline (Buck 66, 106; Ashelford 280-281). Perhaps 500,000 people total, although it's hard to figure out - The indigeneous folk did agriculture (with irrigation, etc.) 1800-1810. Vernal pools, protected lagoons, grassy hills rich in bunchgrasses and, where the San Francisco Bay is today, ancient bison and mammoths roaming a vast grassland, reads a description on the Heyday website. 4 - Designer unknown (Danish). London: Thames & Hudson, Ltd, 2012. . | Native Americans and the California Gold RushExcerpts from Exterminate Them: Written Accounts of the Murder, Rape, and Slavery of Native Americans During the California Gold Rush, 1848-1868 Edited by Clifford E. Trafzer and Joel R. Hyer Published in 1999 Source for information on Native Americans and the California Gold Rush: Westward Expansion Reference Library dictionary.

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